Capacity Building in Emergency Preparedness Response and Resilience (EPRR) 

Capacity Building in EPRR

This support package has been designed to build the capacity of emergency services involved in emergency planning and response for an effective response, with a core purpose of saving lives and reducing harm. The targeted services include the Police, Ambulance Services, Fire Fighting Services, Environmental Agencies, Hospitals, Cost Guards and Local Authorities in the United Kingdom and across Africa.

Each service can choose a training package that suit their needs. Our training materials are tailored to cover their specific needs at strategic, tactical and operational levels. For a better integrated emergency management,  Multi- agencies can choose to be trained together.

In additional to the training, we provide assistance in developing Robust Incident Response and  Business Continuity Management plans where is needed, as well as other advisory, monitoring and evaluation work.

Introduction to Integrated Emergency Management

Overview of the training

The aim of this training outlet is to introduce the key principles and practices found in   emergency planning and important specific duties performed by emergency planners during response operations.

It helps them clearly understand the critical steps involved in risk assessment, response planning, definition of specific roles and responsibilities of each actor involved in those operations. More importantly, different representatives of emergency services will acquire sufficient knowledge about how to effectively manage the incident scene, will learn about the different command and control levels as well as the importance of the incident control operational centre. Furthermore, participants will learn about the effective recovery process and procedures.

Training content:

  • Key terminologies in emergency planning.
  • Risk assessment process and Setting up emergency response plans.
  • Roles and responsibilities of category one responders (CAT1).
  • The scene management.
  • Control, command and coordination in managing major incidents.
  • Running the incident control centre.
  • Introduction to Joint Emergency Services Interoperability principles.
  • The recovery process and targets.
  • Case study.

Expected Learning Outcomes.

By the end of the training it is expected that every participant should be able to:

  • Asses the risks, produce a community risk register.
  • Understand different procedures and processes involved in response.
  • Understand the cooperation and collaboration between emergency services.
  • Understand the levels of command and control.
  • Understand how to set up and manage the Incident control room.
  • Be able to follow thoroughly the procedures and processes for an effective response.
  • Communicate effectively internally and externally when a major incident occurs.
  • Understand the recovery process and targets.
Control of Hazardous Materials (HAZMAT)

Overview of the training

This course is designed for any persons who in the course of their normal duties would be required to rescue patients from hazardous material incidents.

The aim of this module is to introduce you to the knowledge and skills needed when dealing with a hazardous material incident. Each section has been carefully designed to provide you with important learning tasks and experiences, each of which is linked to an expected learning outcome.

Core Content.

  • Introduce you to the concept of hazardous materials (HAZMAT) and the common terminology related to that field of practice.
  • Knowledge of the general properties of hazardous substances and their potential effects on persons and the environment.
  • Knowledge, skills and insight needed to identify, select and utilise appropriate protective clothing or equipment when dealing with an incident involving a hazardous substance.
  • Knowledge, skills and insight needed to correctly identify, classify and manage a hazardous substance until expert help arrives.
  • Risk assessment and the generic principles behind managing hazardous materials incidents.
  • Knowledge, skills and insight needed to effectively manage a hazardous materials incident.
  • Insight needed to prioritise actions and implement defensive control measures / strategies when dealing with hazardous substances.
  • Knowledge of common classes of hazardous substances and learn the fundamental principles of managing each class.
  • Introduce and orientate you to the procedures and processes of decontamination.

The training Content.

  • Section A: Introduction to HAZMAT rescue.
  • Section B: Properties of hazardous materials.
  • Section C: Personal protective equipment.
  • Section D: Recognition of Hazardous Materials.
  • Section E: Risk assessment.
  • Section F: Incident command.
  • Section G: Defensive control strategies.
  • Section H: Specific incident management.
  • Section I: Decontamination.
  • Section J: Assessment.
Logistics in Emergency Planning and Response.

Overview of the training

The aim of this training is to equip emergency planners with knowledge and skills enabling them to set up and manage robust and efficient emergency response logistics systems.

In situations of emergency response, especially in its early stages, it is vital that logistics systems be set up as early as possible and in the most effective way. However, designing and implementing these systems competes with time restraints as well as other pressing and urgent operational demands from the field sites.

Logistics tops among the building blocks of any emergency crisis management at planning or at intervention level. Without robust logistics capabilities best adapted with regards to the nature of the outbreak, any response plans may be doomed to fail, no matter how sound they might be. As a result, it is highly recommended that logistics as a crucial component of emergency preparedness, planning and response be allocated the required valuable resources it deserves right at the planning stage.

Training content.

  • Efficient Planning and Management of timely movement of emergency response materials supplies.
  • Arrangement and management of the necessary support facilities (such as storage, radio equipment operations, vehicle maintenance and other equipment as well as supplies).
  • Procedures needed to support emergency response operations.
  • Setting up and maintaining operations and frequently collaborate with other relevant agencies to accomplish this objective.

Expected Learning Outcomes.

By the end of this course, it is expected that participants will be able to:

  • Identify requirements and establish and maintain all logistical infrastructures for administration of operations.
  • Identify and analyse procurement and transport requirements including those of collaborating agencies and host counterparts as appropriate.
  • Take responsibility for fleet management including development of vehicle movement plans for fuel and maintenance, establishment of requirements and costing of operations.
  • Take responsibility for movement of all goods and equipment including coordination with Warehouse Managers, Procurement Managers and the Distribution staff to ensure efficient and timely delivery of relief commodities.
Evacuation and Shelter in Emergency Planning.

Overview of the Training

This training focuses on participants’ skills enhancement in order to intervene in evacuation and sheltering contexts following the outbreak of a major incident. The evacuation and sheltering are embedded in the safety of the people involved in evacuation processes. Therefore, it is of the paramount importance to designate a set of team leaders in charge of managing essential tasks while overseeing an orderly evacuation.

This prevents from working in disarray and chaotic manner which as a result may jeopardize the whole intervention work plans. The team leaders establish clear directions for the people involved in the evacuation exercise after leaving an affected area, a building or a site towards a safer area in the most organised and serein way possible.

The training ensures that workers understand the procedures and processes involved in evacuation and shelter not only for their own safety but also for the safety of all those being evacuated.

Training content.

  • Risk assessment before the evacuation and planning assumptions.
  • Activation triggers and shelters.
  • Evacuation level and phases.
  • Mass evacuation from a building or a site.
  • Command, control, coordination and communication in evacuation.
  • Triage of casualties.
  • Equipment and Transport in Evacuation.
  • Setting up Rest Centres.
  • Practical Exercise for an evacuation.

Expected Learning outcomes.

  • Be able to assess the risk before the evacuation.
  • Acquire a deeper understanding of the processes and procedures involved in evacuation and shelter operations.
  • Understand the roles of the chain of command and control and feel ready and confident to endorse it.
  • Understand the process and level of evacuation.
  • Be able to operate triage of casualties.
  • Understand the importance of inspection manoeuvres and regular exercises.
  • Be able to ensure the security of evacuated zones.
Communication Strategy in Emergency Planning and Response

Overview of the training

Through this training, participants will gain skills, knowledge and the ability to understand appropriate communication strategies, challenges and how to work effectively with the media and the public. Good communication provides information that allows decision – makers to make quick and cost-effective informed decisions.

Like the logistics systems, communication remains part of the valuable means overlapping the emergency crisis management from the beginning up to the end. In times of emergency, communication crosscuts all instances of emergency intervention. Therefore, a grand communication strategy together with adequate tools and equipment are needed to help a smooth conduction of emergency operations.

Communication refers both to a conceptual understanding of the key drivers of effective communication as a tool (strategy, medium, targeted audience) and to resources as well as equipment helping the communication strategy to attain its goals. It’s against this background that the best communication strategy is elaborated to meet the emergency response requirements.  

Training contents.

  • Principles of effective crisis communication.
  • Effective internal communication.
  • The impact of social media on crisis communications.
  • Preparing spokespeople for broadcast interviews.
  • Incident command centre in communication.
  • Warning and Informing the public.
  • Practical exercise

Expected Learning Outcomes.

By the end of this training, it is expected that participants will be able to:

  • Understand the importance of effective communication.
  • Understand how to share information in a methodical way.
  • Understand how information is gathered and channelled to relevant authorities from the command centre.
  • Understand the methods and methodologies used to inform the public.
  • Know how to harness the social media channels at their advantage.
  • Legal Frameworks regulating public information management (sharing, divulging, censorship, sharing of sensitive information regarding national security, averting massive psychosis, etc.)
Workplace First Aid (Approved Person)

Overview of the training

This training module was designed to empower beneficiaries with skills required for emergency care and support interventions in disaster areas leaving behind wounded casualties. The purpose of first aid is to soothe pain, minimize injury and limit the development of any future crippling disability. For serious cases, it may be necessary for first aid responses to only strive to keep the victim alive until specialized emergency health professionals take over.

Training content.

  • The Primary Survey: the aim of first aid, (danger, response, airway, breathing).
  • The Secondary Survey: the recovery position, unconscious casualties, choking, wounds and bleeding, applying a bandage and shock.
  • Treating Secondary Injuries: burns and scalds, eye injuries, head injuries, fractures and broken bones, dislocations and spinal injuries.
  • Resuscitation (CPR): Administering CPR, CPR for children and infants, defibrillators (AEDs) and extra things to consider.
  • Secondary Illnesses and Conditions: asthma, allergic reactions and anaphylaxis, diabetes, epilepsy, heart attacks and strokes.
  • Further Secondary Illnesses and Conditions: hyperventilation, nosebleeds, sprains and strains, making an arm sling, poisoning, drowning and record keeping.

Expected Learning Outcomes.

By the end of this training, it is expected that participants will be able to:

  • Conduct a primary and secondary survey on a casualty.
  • Administer CPR to a casualty.
  • Lay casualties in the recovery position.
  • Deal with and respond to choking, wounds, bleeding and shock.
  • Deal with and respond to burns, eye and head injuries, fractures and dislocations.
  • Care for people suffering from asthma attacks, allergic reactions, nosebleeds, diabetic emergencies, epileptic, seizures, heart attacks and strokes.
  • Deal with and respond to hyperventilation, fainting, sprains and strains, poisoning and drowning.
  • Understand the importance of record keeping.
Fire Search and Rescue

Overview of the training

This course is designed for any person who in the course of their normal duties would be required to extricate and/or rescue a person involved in a fire incident

This fire search and rescue module was designed to provide you with the BASIC fire search and rescue skills as well as the appropriate knowledge and insight needed to keep you safe on a fire ground whilst empowering you to conduct a search in low visibility areas.

The aim of this module is to focus on the activities surrounding the searching for and rescuing of victims and potential victims of a fire incident. The job of the fire rescue technician is not primarily to put out the fire, although by virtue of his training, on completion of this module he could prove to be a valuable source of assistance for the professional fire fighter.

Each section has been carefully crafted to provide you with important learning tasks and experiences, each of which is linked to an Expected learning outcome.

The training contents.

  • Fire behaviour and the fire tetrahedron
  • Compartment fire behaviour
  • Actions to take in the case of an emergency
  • Classes of fire
  • Types of firefighting equipment (handheld extinguishers and hose reels).
  • Application of firefighting techniques and classes of fire extinguishers

Course Outline:

  • Section A Fire Behaviour
  • Section B Personal Protective Equipment
  • Section C Fire Fighting Equipment / Ambulance Equipment
  • Section D Search & Rescue
  • Section E Assessment
Bridging Course

Overview of the course.

This course is designed for any persons who in the course of their normal duties would be required to operate at a technician level in a high angle rescue environment.

The aim of this module is to provide you with the necessary insight, theoretical knowledge and technical skills needed to function as an independent rope rescue technician. Each section has been carefully designed to provide you with important learning tasks and experiences, each of which is linked to an expected learning outcome.

The training contents.

  • Section A: Specialised high angle rescue equipment.
  • Section B: Pick offs.
  • Section C: Patient management, packaging and stretcher rigging.
  • Section D: Advanced anchoring systems.
  • Section E: Principles of mechanical advantage.
  • Section F: Application of advantage systems.
  • Section G: Suspension systems.
  • Section H: Climbing emergencies.
  • Section I: Pole top rescue.
  • Section J: Assessment.
Trench Rescue

Overview of the training.

This course is designed for any persons who in the course of their normal duties would be required to access, enter and rescue patients from a trench.

The aim of this module is to introduce you to the fundamental concepts of trench rescue whilst providing you with the necessary knowledge, skills and insight needed to effectively manage a trench rescue operation.

Each section has been carefully designed to provide you with important learning tasks and experiences, each of which is linked to an expected learning outcome.

Core Content.

  • The structure of a trench
  • Causes of a collapse
  • Trench rescue safety
  • The trench rescue system
  • Trench stabilisation
  • Patient stabilisation, extrication and removal
  • Scenario based training (straight, X, T, L, sidewall collapse, slough in and non-collapse related incidents)
  • Candidates will be required to perform all the roles required during a rescue scene (command, tool technician, medic and gopher)

The training contents.

  • Section A: Introduction to Trench Rescue.
  • Section B: Trench rescue equipment.
  • Section C: Action plan.
  • Section D: Assessment.
ISO 45001 - Health and Safety Management

Overview of the Training

ISO 45001 is an international standard that specifies requirements for an occupational health and safety (OH&S) management system. It provides a framework to increase safety, reduce workplace risks, and enhance health and well-being at work, enabling an organization to proactively improve its OH&S performance.

The purpose of this training is to provide attendees with a comprehensive understanding of the requirements of the ISO 45001 standard, its applicability, and its role in ensuring safe and healthy workplaces.


Training Contents

  1. Introduction to ISO 45001:

    • Background and development of the standard
    • The structure of the ISO 45001 standard
    • Integration with other management systems
  2. Key Concepts and Terminologies:

    • Understanding of occupational health and safety
    • Hazard identification and risk assessment
    • OH&S opportunities and other actions to address risks and opportunities
  3. Detailed Review of ISO 45001 Clauses:

    • Context of the organization
    • Leadership and worker participation
    • Planning
    • Support
    • Operation
    • Performance evaluation
    • Improvement
  4. Implementation Guidelines:

    • Steps to implement ISO 45001
    • Integrating OH&S management into business management processes
    • Transitioning from OHSAS 18001 to ISO 45001 (if applicable)
  5. Internal Auditing & Continuous Improvement:

    • Basics of conducting internal audits
    • Identifying non-conformities
    • Corrective actions and continuous improvement
  6. Case Studies and Practical Examples:

    • Real-world examples of implementation and challenges
    • Group activities and discussions on various scenarios

Expected Learning Outcomes

By the end of the training, participants will be able to:

  1. Understand and Describe:

    • The purpose and benefits of an OH&S management system
    • The key terms, definitions, and the structure of ISO 45001
  2. Interpret the Requirements:

    • Understand each clause of ISO 45001 in detail
    • Relate the standard’s requirements to real-world applications
  3. Implement and Integrate:

    • Establish, implement, maintain, and continually improve an OH&S management system within the context of the organization
    • Integrate ISO 45001 with other management systems, if applicable
  4. Evaluate and Audit:

    • Conduct internal audits, evaluate the performance of the OH&S management system, and recommend improvements
    • Recognize and address non-conformities and implement corrective actions
  5. Drive Continual Improvement:

    • Use the ISO 45001 framework to foster a culture of continuous improvement in OH&S performance
    • Engage leadership and workers in the process of maintaining and enhancing workplace safety.

With the successful completion of this training, participants will be equipped with the knowledge and tools to either establish a new OH&S management system in accordance with ISO 45001 or improve upon an existing one, leading to safer and healthier workplaces.

Structural Collapse Rescue

Overview of the training

This course is designed for any persons who in the course of their normal duties would be required to assess, enter and rescue patients from a collapsed structure.

Structural collapse is without a doubt one of the most technical and challenging fields of rescue and should not be undertaken by individuals without the required expertise and experience. The aim of this module is not to turn you into an independent structural collapse technician but rather to provide you with the fundamental skills enabling you to further your knowledge and skills into this field.

It is envisaged that in due course in consultation with experts in the field there will emerge a Structural Collapse II Module. This first module should however enable you to safely and effectively participate as a member of a structural collapse team to rescue a person from a structural collapse incident without becoming a victim.

Each section has been carefully designed to provide you with important learning tasks and experiences, each of which is linked to an Expected learning outcome.

Core Content:

  • Safety in the collapse environment.
  • Basic building construction types.
  • The sequence of structural collapse rescue.
  • Building shoring systems.
  • Metal and concrete breaching, breaking and cutting.
  • Heavy lifting and moving (including crane operations).
  • Basic, technical and canine search operations.
  • Scenario – based training.

Candidates will be required to perform all the roles required during a rescue scene (command, tool technician, search technician, medic and gopher).

The training contents.

  • Section A: Introduction to structural collapse rescue.
  • Section B: Hazards.
  • Section C: Specialised Equipment.
  • Section D: Incident management.
  • Section E: Assessment.
Agricultural and Industrial Rescue

Overview of the training

This course is designed for any persons who in the course of their normal duties would be required to perform rescue operations in an agricultural or industrial environment.

The aim of this training is to provide you with the fundamental rescue knowledge, skills and insight needed to perform Agricultural and Industrial Rescue.

Each section has been carefully designed to provide you with important learning tasks and experiences, each of which is linked to an expected learning outcome.

The training contents.

  • Section A: Persons trapped in machinery.
  • Section B: Escalator incidents.
  • Section C: Lifts & lift shaft incidents.
  • Section D: Incidents involving electrical hazards.
  • Section E: Incidents involving hazardous substances.
  • Section F: Mechanical hazards.
  • Section G: Non-mechanical rescues.
  • Section H: Assessment.
Wilderness Search and Rescue Technician.

Overview of the training.

This course is designed for any persons who in the course of their normal duties would be required to rescue patients from swiftly flowing water. The aim of this course is to provide the learner with the skills needed to be able to rescue a victim from a swift water environment on his own or with a team.

After being assessed as competent the candidate will be able to operate as an integral part of a team that undertakes rescue operations in a swift water rescue environment. The candidate will be able to operate at a technician 1 and rescue swimmer level.

Core Content.

  • The anatomy of a river and its associated hazards.
  • Swift water rescue equipment.
  • The sequential approach to swift water rescue and forming an action plan.
  • Rescue swimming.
  • Boat based rescues.
  • Rescues using rope rescue techniques
  • Scenario based evolutions
  • Candidates will be required to perform all the roles required during a rescue scene (command, rescue swimmer, rigger, medic and gopher)

The training contents.

  • The learning content for the High Angle I module is divided into nine sections:
  • Section A: Introduction to Swift Water Rescue.
  • Section B: Swift Water Terminology and Definitions.
  • Section C: Swift Water Equipment.
  • Section D: Basic River Movements.
  • Section E: Basic Swift Water Rescues.
  • Section F: Line Crossings.
  • Section G: Swift Water Boat Rescues.
  • Section H: Evaluations.

 

 

Wilderness Search and Rescue

Overview of the training.

This course is designed for any persons who in the course of their normal duties would be required to safely and effectively co-ordinate and or participate in a wilderness search and rescue operation.

Core Content.

Introduce you to the concept of wilderness search & rescue.

  • Explain the need for and the role of allied services in a search & rescue operation
  • Provide you with the insight needed to classify wilderness areas and have an appreciation for the possible dangers and or particular problems associated with operating in each type of wilderness area.
  • Knowledge and practical skills needed to navigate and function effectively during rescue operations in rural or wilderness areas.
  • Knowledge and practical skills needed to effectively organise and manage a search operation.
  • Provide you with an opportunity to integrate your new theoretical knowledge & practical skills as you function as a member of a team in the organisation and management of a simulated search operation. On completion of this exercise you will be critically debriefed thus providing you with an opportunity to evaluate your effectiveness after the scenario.

The training contents.

  • Section A: Introduction to wilderness Search & Rescue.
  • Section B: Navigation & Camp craft.
  • Section C: Practical Navigation & Camp craft.
  • Section D: Principles of search management.
  • Section E: Search & Rescue Scenario.
  • Section F: Assessment.
Urban Search and Rescue Technician

Overview of the training.

This course is designed for any persons who in the course of their normal duties would be required to assess, enter and rescue patients from a confined space.

The aim of this module is to enable you to safely and effectively rescue a person from a confined space without becoming a victim yourself. The assessment criteria are directly linked to the various learning outcomes.

Core Content.

  • Confined space definitions and risk assesment.
  • Confined space hazard assessment and hazard management.
  • Confined space documentation.
  • Patient based rescue approach.
  • The nine stages of a rescue evolution.
  • Scenario based evolutions (vertical, horizontal and tank rescues).

The training Contents.

  • Section A: Introduction to confined space rescue.
  • Section B: Definitions.
  • Section C: Dangers associated with confined spaces.
  • Section D: Confined space rescue equipment.
  • Section E: Rescue Operations.
  • Section F: Assessment.
Motor Vehicle Rescue.

Overview of the course.

This course is designed for any persons who in the course of their normal duties would be required to extricate and/or rescue a person involved in a motor vehicle accident.

The aim of this module is to provide you with the fundamental knowledge, skills and insight needed to conduct a vehicle rescue and subsequent extrication of an ill or injured patient.

Core Content.

  • Motor vehicle construction.
  • New car technology including active and passive safety systems.
  • Patient based rescue approach.
  • The nine stages of a rescue evolution.
  • Scenario based evolutions (vehicle on its wheels, roof, side, etc.).
  • Candidates will be required to perform all the roles that are necessary at a real rescue scene (command, tool technician, medic and gopher).

Course Outline.

  • Section A: Introduction to vehicle rescue
  • Section B: Motor vehicle design & construction
  • Section C: Hand tools
  • Section D: Pneumatic power equipment
  • Section E: Hydraulic power equipment
  • Section F: Miscellaneous equipment
  • Section G: Vehicle rescue operations
  • Section H: Incident command and control
  • Section I: Specialised vehicle rescue
  • Section J: Assessment
Aviation Rescue

Overview of the training.

This course is designed for any persons who in the course of their normal duties would be required to function and work with aircraft in the rescue environment.

Course Details.

The aim of this course is to provide you with the knowledge, skills and insight needed to function and work with aircraft in the rescue environment. Each section has been carefully designed to provide you with important learning tasks and experiences, each of which is linked to an expected learning outcome.

The training contents.

  • Section A: Introduction to aviation Rescue.
  • Section B: Fixed Wing Aircraft.
  • Section C: Rotor Wing Aircraft.
  • Section D: Introduction to Aircraft.
  • Section E: Land and Water Rescue.
  • Section F: Trooping into and out of Rotor Wing Aircraft.
  • Section G: Hoisting and Lowering with Aircraft.
  • Section H: H-Frames.
  • Section I: Long Lines.
  • Section J: Short Haul and Long Haul.
  • Section K: Assessment.
ISO 22301 - Business Continuity Management

Overview of the Training

This training was designed to provide knowledge, skills and tools best suited to help managers put in place important measures enabling them to maintain key services and products and resume business activity quickly and efficiently right after a disruptive event.

BCM is the capability of the organisation to continue delivery of products or services at acceptable predefined levels following a disruptive incident. Essentially, through business continuity management, an organization engages in identifying the organisation’s key products and services, evaluating the threat to these activities and their dependencies, putting arrangements in place to resume these activities following an incident and making sure that these arrangements will be effective in all circumstances.

Therefore, on the one hand, it is through business continuity management that an organization manages to outline what needs to be done to protect its people, premises, technology, information, supply chain, interested parties and reputation before an incident occurs. On the other hand, business continuity management helps plan for effective business continuity as well as recovery while committing the necessary resources helping the effective operationalisation of those plans.  

The training contents:

  • Business impact analysis (BIA) and risk assessment
  • The consequences of not having a Business Continuity Plan.
  • Business Continuity Strategy/Leadership
  • Elaboration and Implementation of BC procedures.
  • Exercising and Testing BCM plans.
  • A practical exercise

Expected Learning outcomes:

By the end of this training, it is expected that participants will be able to:

  • Have an extensive understanding of Business Continuity.
  • Undertake a business impact analysis for their own organisation.
  • Understand why it is important to put in place BCM strategies and plans
  • Understand how to Integrate BCM in organisational culture.

 

Simulation Exercise of an Emergency Intervention

Overview of the training.

This exercise is designed to put into practice the different aspects of the training through simulation of an emergency intervention. The exercise will be based on the particular scenario parameters of a major incident.

Different emergency planning services involved will play different key roles specific to their organisations. The exercise will involve different challenges that require effective communication information sharing and coordination among multiple agencies playing a pivotal role in response operations.

Role plays are a powerful methodological learning tool. Role plays act as a complimentary tool to the theoretical knowledge on event planning, emergency response and recovery provided in previous lessons.  

At the end of the simulation exercise, each service will be tasked to make a final presentation to showcase their response after a debrief by their own management. This shall be the opportune moment for the other services to ask questions and to make constructive comments. The exercise is designed to be very interactive and is expected to be fun.

The ensuing plenary discussions between the trainers and learners is one of the most critical moments of the training. At this stage, participants identify key areas of training unanswered questions if any. For some questions, the trainers will provide direct answers drawn from their expertise and practice.  For others, where relevant, the trainers my engage the learners in a participatory problem analysis and solving exercise for an understanding in depth of the raised questions.

Learning outcomes

If conducted effectively, simulation of the emergency intervention contributes to significantly helping future emergency event managers become aware of the practical challenges and outstanding solutions with regard to major emergency events.  

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